It is possible that dinosaurs roamed the northern hemisphere millions of years before was previously believed.
by University of Wisconsin-Madison
More than 200 million years ago, dinosaurs first appeared on Earth. How and when
did they spread?
When faced with fractured fossil records, paleontologists have been debating that
subject for decades.
According to the conventional wisdom, reptiles first appeared on the southern half
of the ancient supercontinent Pangea, known as Gondwana, millions of years ago.
Later, they spread to the northern half, known as Laurasia.
With evidence indicating the reptiles were prevalent in the northern hemisphere
millions of years earlier than previously thought, a recently described dinosaur
whose fossils were discovered by paleontologists at the University
of Wisconsin–Madison is now casting doubt on that theory.
Since the fossil remnants were initially found in 2013 in what is now Wyoming,
which was close to the equator on Laurasia, the UW–Madison team has
been examining them.
With bones dating to approximately 230 million years ago, the species,
known as Ahvaytum bahndooiveche, is currently the oldest Laurasian dinosaur
known to science. Its age is equivalent to that of the first Gondwanan dinosaurs.
Dave Lovelace, a research scientist at the University of Wisconsin Geology
Museum who co-led the study with doctoral student Aaron Kufner,
says, "With these fossils, we have the oldest equatorial dinosaur
in the world—it is also North America's oldest dinosaur."
It took Lovelace and his colleagues years of meticulous effort to examine the
fossils, identify them as a new dinosaur species, and calculate their estimated
age after they were found in a layer of rock called the Popo Agie Formation.
The scientists discovered enough fossils, especially pieces of the species' legs,
to conclusively identify Ahvaytum bahndooiveche as a dinosaur and most likely
a very early sauropod relative, despite the fact that they do not have a complete
specimen—a extremely uncommon occurrence for early dinosaurs.
Among the herbivorous dinosaurs known as sauropods were some renownedly
large species, such as those found in the appropriately titled group of titanosaurs.
Millions of years ago, the distantly related Ahvaytum bahndooiveche
was smaller—much smaller.
According to Lovelace, "it was essentially the size of a chicken but with
an extremely big tail."
"Dinos did not start off as these enormous behemoths, despite our perception of them."
In fact, the Ahvaytum bahndooiveche type specimen was somewhat over one
foot tall and over three feet long from head to tail. It was completely grown,
but it might have been a little larger at its ripest.
Its skull material, which could shed light on its diet, has not been discovered
by experts, but other closely related early sauropod-line dinosaurs
were eating meat and were probably omnivorous.
Just a little bit above the bones of a recently described amphibian that they
also uncovered, the researchers discovered the few known bones of Ahvaytum
in a layer of rock.
According to the data, Ahvaytum bahndooiveche lived in Laurasia during
or shortly after the Carnian pluvial episode, a period of extreme climate change
that has been linked to an early stage of dinosaur species diversification.
Large, hot areas of desert were turned into more favorable environments
for early dinosaurs during that time, which lasted from roughly
234 to 232 million years ago. The climate was significantly wetter than it had
been previously.
The dinosaur was present in the northern hemisphere approximately
230 million years ago, according to Lovelace and his colleagues' high-precision
radioisotopic dating of rocks in the formation containing Ahvaytum's remains.
A few million years before Ahvaytum, dinosaurs or their cousins were already
in the area, as evidenced by the discovery of an early dinosaur-like track
in rather earlier strata.
Lovelace explains, "We are sort of filling in some of this story, and we are
showing that the concepts that we have had for so long—views that
were backed by the fragmentary data that we had—were not completely accurate."
"This new evidence demonstrates that dinosaurs were present in the northern
hemisphere considerably earlier than previously believed."
In addition to becoming the first dinosaur species to be named in the Eastern
Shoshone Tribe's language, whose ancestral territories encompass the location
where the fossils were discovered, the scientific team is certain they have
uncovered North America's oldest dinosaur. The naming procedure involved middle school students and elders from
the Eastern Shoshone tribe.
In general, Ahvaytum bahndooiveche means "far ago dinosaur" in Shoshone.
In order to improve their fieldwork techniques and show greater respect
for the land by integrating the viewpoints and expertise of Indigenous peoples
into their work, Lovelace and his colleagues from UW-Madison also
collaborated with a number of tribal members.
Amanda LeClair-Diaz, a co-author on the paper and a member
of the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho Tribes, says, "One of the most
important outcomes of the discovery and naming of Ahvaytum bahndooiveche
is the ongoing relationship developed between Dr. Lovelace, his team,
our school district, and our community."
In collaboration with children and tribal elders, LeClair-Diaz,
the Indian education coordinator at Fort Washakie School, oversaw the naming
procedure, which was initiated by her predecessor, Lynette St. Clair.
"In communities, particularly Indigenous groups, the research process has
typically been one-sided, with the researchers fully benefitting from studies,
" LeClair-Diaz explains.
"This loop is broken and a chance for reciprocity in the scientific process
is created by the work we have done with Dr. Lovelace."
Source phys.org
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