47 million years ago, the largest worm lizard in the world lived.
Based on petrified specimens discovered in Tunisia,
paleontologists have identified a new genus and
species of trogonophid amphisbaenian, or worm lizard.
Approximately 47 million years ago, during the
Eocene epoch, Terastiodontosaurus
marcelosanchezi inhabited what is now Africa.
The new species is a member of the clade
Amphisbaenia's Trogonophidae, a small family
of limbless, carnivorous, lizard-like reptiles.
According to senior author Dr. Georgios
Georgalis and his colleagues at the Institute
of Systematics and Evolution of Animals at the
Polish Academy of Sciences,
"Amphisbaenians are a fascinating group of
fossorial squamates, with strange morphological
traits and dramatic anatomical alterations."
Since the 19th century, experts have been
fascinated and perplexed by their distinct
skeleton structure.
Along with Serpentes and the paraphyletic
"Lacertilia," amphibians were regarded as
the third major group of Squamata prior to
the development and widespread acceptance
of phylogenetic systematics.
However, according to recent phylogenetic
analyses, they are the sister group of lacertid
lizards. This topology has been backed
by molecular and combined morphological
and molecular data, and the clade
Amphisbaenia + Lacertidae was even given
the name Lacertibaenia.
In addition to a few Neogene and Quaternary
occurrences from South America, a few
Palaeogene, Neogene, and Quaternary
occurrences from Africa, a very small number
of Neogene occurrences from the Arabian
Peninsula, and a very small number from
the Neogene of southwestern Asia,
"Amphisbaenians have a relatively rich fossil
record across the Cenozoic of Europe and
North America."
They also noted that the Trogonophidae are
a unique group of amphibians that are
currently found in the Middle East and
northern and north-central Africa, including
Yemen's Socotra Island.
There are presently four recognized extant
genera: Trogonophis, Agamodon,
Diplometopon, and Pachycalamus.
Trogonophids are characterized by their
acrodont dentition, which is unique among
squamates and only found in the iguanian
clade Acrodonta. "A triangular body in
cross-section, chromosomes, vertebral
arrangement, shoulder girdle or hemipenial
morphology, locomotion and burrowing
habits, and the absence of caudal autotomy
are among the other distinctive
characteristics of trogonophids among
amphisbaenians."
Several specimens of Terastiodontosaurus
marcelosanchezi were found at a
fossil-bearing location in the Natural
Park of Djebel Chambi in Tunisia.
"The Kasserine area, in the Central Western
part of Tunisia, is where the Djebel Chambi
National Park is located," the paleontologists
stated. The fluvio-lacustrine deposits
at the base of the Chambi continental
sequence include the fossil-bearing
site (Chambi locus 1) from which the
study's material is derived.
Fish, amphibians, turtles, crocodiles,
squamates, birds, and mammals like bats,
primates, eulipotyphlans, hyaenodonts,
hyracoids, an elephant shrew, a marsupial,
a rodent, and a sireni are among the
varied array of aquatic and terrestrial
species that have been found in these areas.
Terastiodontosaurus marcelosanchezi was
the largest amphibian ever recorded,
measuring more than 90 cm (35 inches)
in length.
With a maximum total length of 81 cm
(32 inches) and a skull length of more
than 3.1 cm (1.2 inches), Amphisbaena
alba is the largest species of amphibian
that is currently extant, according to the
researchers.
Almost all extant amphibians are examples
of burrowing animals, which are rarely
seen on the surface outside of their
underground habitats.
However, some characteristics of
Terastiodontosaurus marcelosanchezi
appear to defy this pattern of natural
history and indicate that the extinct
species was most likely a surface
dweller.
Terastiodontosaurus marcelosanchezi's
enormous size, which would make
subsurface habits less likely, lends even
more credence to this.
"As only the fifth identified extinct species
from the continent, Terastiodontosaurus
marcelosanchezi constitutes a considerable
contribution to the so far poorly known
African fossil record of Amphisbaenia,"
the researchers came to the conclusion.
Additionally, the newly discovered
material from Chambi contributes to the
Trogonophidae's incredibly weak fossil record.
Source sci.news
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