A Brazilian Fossil Illustrates the Development of Birds' Brains
Only mammals can match the intelligence and behavioral complexity of today's birds' brains.
However, how avian brains have evolved from their dinosaur origins over millions of years
is still a mystery to biologists.
A fossil found in Brazil is now contributing to the expansion of that knowledge.
Scientists discovered the fossilized bones of a previously unknown bird species' skull or
head bone. Navaornis hestiae is the name given to it.
Because of the fossil's exceptional condition, researchers were able to reconstruct its
brain and inner ear parts on a computer.
During the Cretaceous Period, close to the end of the dinosaur era, about 80 million
years ago, it lived in an arid region. Unique "This finding is one-of-a-kind,"
said Guillermo Navalón, a key researcher at the University of Cambridge and an expert
in fossils. It was published in the journal Nature this month.
During the Jurassic Period, small, feathery dinosaurs gave rise to birds.
The discovery of Navaornis closed a 70-million-year gap in our
knowledge of the evolution of birds, starting with the earliest known bird, Archaeopteryx.
It existed in what is now Europe around 150 million years ago.
The Navaornis skull, according to the researchers, resembles the shape of a modern
bird's bill and eye.
Its brain exhibits features of the ancient and the modern, as well as some in between.
A well-maintained illustration The study's co-author is Luis Chiappe,
a fossil expert from the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in California.
Such early bird skulls are uncommon, he said, "and this one is the best preserved ever."
The principal author of the paper is Daniel Field, a fossil scientist from the
University of Cambridge.
He claimed that the development of avian intelligence and brains has long been
a mystery to experts. "This fossil is exactly what the field has been waiting for," he added.
With a diameter of roughly 10 millimeters, the Navaornis brain is smaller than that
of contemporary birds in relation to their skull size.
However, the skull is bigger and more intricate than Archaeopteryx's.
Its cerebellum, a part of the brain that aids in motor control during flight in live birds,
was smaller than that of modern birds and more akin to that of Archaeopteryx.
However, its brain and spinal cord were connected similarly to those of humans and
contemporary birds.
Birds did not resemble Archaeopteryx or the dinosaurs from whom they descended.
Additionally, the Navaornis has a unique feature: a larger inner ear organ for balance
than any other bird known to science.
Eighty percent of the bird's skeleton, or bone structure, was preserved in the fossil.
Based on their analysis of the remains, the scientists said they think the bird could fly well.
Its name translates to "Nava's bird," after William Nava, the scientist who found the fossil
in the state of Sao Paulo in southeast Brazil in 2016. No direct route to the birds of today
None of the Navaornis, who lived during the Cretaceous period, survived the asteroid strike
that occurred 66 million years ago.
This indicates that there is no direct lineage from Navaornis to modern birds, and that their
talents and appearance evolved independently of theirs.
According to the experts, the bird consumed whole seeds and insects.
It coexisted alongside massive meat-eating dinosaurs and enormous, long-necked
plant-eating dinosaurs.
According to Field, if you looked at it closely, you may mistake it for a living bird.
However, a closer examination would reveal some significant changes, such as claws
emerging from its wings.
Source learningenglish.voanews.com
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