Archaeologists Discover a Complex Structure Made by Neanderthals 60,000 Years Ago
A 60,000-year-old pit in Gibraltar's Vanguard Cave demonstrates how Neanderthals
used sophisticated methods to produce resin, demonstrating their cognitive sophistication.
Plant-based glues, resins, and pitches have been used for mechanical
and therapeutic purposes by even the earliest societies throughout history.
This also applied to Neanderthals.
They often chewed birch pitch, maybe for therapeutic reasons, and utilized it as
an adhesive to bind lithic instruments.
The process by which they created this pitch, however, is still unknown.
Pitch can be obtained in two ways, according to theoretical work: simply, by burning
birch bark outdoors, which is not particularly prolific, and more complexly,
by heating birch chips anoxically.
In other words, using buried wood pieces that have been heated by a fire to release
the resin while preventing them from burning due to their oxygen insulation.
The way they rated their cognitive performance was significantly impacted by whether
they employed one approach or the other.
The more intricate approach necessitates a great deal of planning and repetition.
Caves that reflect historical events
For the first time, a structure that is consistent with theoretical research on anoxic
heating has been characterized by a scientific investigation conducted at the
University of Seville.
The construction appears to be a straightforward pit, which may be why it has not
been identified.
Its use as an anoxic heating chamber has only been demonstrated by several
analyses and the cooperation of a diverse team.
Vanguard Cave (Gibraltar, UK), which is a part of the "Gorham's Caves Complex,"
which has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2016, is where the find was made.
The quick progress of a dune that has sealed its remnants has once again demonstrated
this complex's capacity to preserve genuine images of historical human activity.
31 academics from more than 5 nations, experts in 15 different areas, collaborated to
conclude that this construction could only have been created by Neanderthals
around 60,000 years ago.
Paleobonatics, archaeology, ichnology, geochemistry, and mineralogy are among its
fields of study
. "They were not the barbarians that the general public thought they were."
According to Fernando Muñiz, a lecturer at the University of Seville's Department
of Crystallography, Mineralogy, and Agricultural Chemistry, "our extinct cousins were
not the brutalized people of popular perception."
Research demonstrating the ability to grasp industrial methods for producing resin,
an adhesive used to attach stone points to spear handles, has demonstrated that
this human species possesses cognitive abilities.
Instead, "Neanderthals had to go through a number of thinking processes, choosing
which plants to use and working out how to harvest resin without burning them," says
Clive Finlayson, the excavation manager.
Methodologies and even an experimental archaeology exercise have been developed
to show that the building constructed by Neanderthals is feasible.
The resin was derived from prickly rockrose (Cistus ladanifer), not birch,
which was a less common tree in Mediterranean latitudes at the time,
according to the geochemical and fossil pollen evidence.
It is well known that, prior to the 20th century, labdanum oil was extracted from
rockroses and utilized in a manner quite similar to the one outlined in this article as
an antibiotic, cough syrup, and perfume.
Under the direction of the Museum of Gibraltar, the University of Murcia,
and the Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences (CSIC), with the University of Seville
involved, this project establishes a standard for comprehending Neanderthals'
organizational and technological capabilities while also creating new avenues for
the discovery and examination of comparable structures at other locations.
Indications of prehistoric art
A peculiar hashtag-like mark that Finlayson's team discovered on a slab of
limestone in 2012 has been regarded by some academics as evidence of early art.
Perhaps for aesthetic or ceremonial reasons, they gathered feathers from a wide
range of birds, but exclusively black ones.
They manufactured jewelry and specialized tools, buried their dead,
used medicinal plants, and possibly painted their faces or bodies with ochre and
other paints.
According to Muñiz, their tracheal structure indicates that they were able
to communicate and most likely had harsh, high-pitched voices.
By University of Seville
Source scitechdaily.com
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