Scientists discover the "building blocks" of life in samples from the asteroid Bennu.
The OSIRIS-REx-returned meteor fragments provide insight
into the interconnected history of water and the chemical components
of solar system life.
By Korey Haynes
After successfully returning to Earth in 2023, the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft
collected 4.3 ounces (121.6 grams) of valuable dust and rock grains from
the asteroid Bennu in 2020.
Even though the sample's return was an amazing engineering achievement,
the scientific journey had only just begun.
In a news briefing on January 29, NASA revealed the results of two teams'
analysis of the Bennu samples.
The grains show that Bennu contained a multitude of amino acids,
including 14 of the 20 that make up biological proteins, the building blocks of
living things, according to two Nature articles published that same day.
These findings are the chemicals that life employs to construct itself, but they
do not constitute life in and of themselves.
The idea that asteroids like Bennu brought these minerals to Earth is greatly
supported by their existence.
Researchers also discovered clays and brines, which are materials that are only
produced when water slowly evaporates.
This helps explain the solar system's water history, particularly how water interacts
with the chemicals necessary for life.
"Asteroids provide a time capsule into our home planet's history,
and Bennu's samples are pivotal in our understanding of what ingredients
in our solar system existed before life started on Earth," said Nicky Fox,
associate administrator of the Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters,
in a press release.
An introduction to life
Similar to other asteroids, Bennu offers insight into the early solar system.
The complex weather, water, rock, and other cycles that occur on planets and
moons have not affected these space rocks, which scientists view as pristine habitats.
They can disclose the elements that were present in the early solar system
as well as a condensed account of their formation.
Together with the five nucleobases that comprise RNA and DNA,
the Bennu samples also included 19 additional non-biological amino
acids in addition to the 14 biological amino acids.
A remarkable amount of ammonia was also discovered by the team;
this substance combines with formaldehyde, which is also found on Bennu,
to produce a variety of amino acids, providing a clear picture of how
the plethora of materials was created.
The Bennu samples are a valuable resource for examining the origins of life
because of their abundance of complex chemistry, which includes the elements
required for life.
According to Dworkin, "OSIRIS-REx data adds substantial brushstrokes
to a picture of a solar system teeming with the potential for life."
"The really intriguing question is why we have only observed life on Earth thus far
and not elsewhere."
The Bennu samples also revealed the presence of salty elements, which are created
when water evaporates. The parent body of Bennu and other asteroids most likely originated directly from
the buildup of frozen materials.
Since water is required to generate many of the materials found on Bennu,
that ice must have melted at some point.
However, the brines demonstrate that the water subsequently evaporated as well.
It may seem contradictory, but this water loss was also significant since it was
only when the water vanished that part of the chemistry needed to produce
the components that life would eventually include was made possible.
A thorough examination
Without a sample-return trip or if the samples
had been contaminated, none of this study would have been feasible.
The difficult mission of extracting samples from Bennu and delivering them
to Earth fell to OSIRIS-REx.
Once there, however, scientists faced a different but no less difficult task:
preventing the Earth's atmosphere from affecting that space rock time capsule.
The lead author of one of the Nature publications published today, Tim McCoy,
curator of meteorites at the Smithsonian Natural History Museum in Washington, D.C.,
noted that any pollution of water vapor would have made their research unfeasible,
particularly when examining the history of water.
Only through the meticulous curation of the asteroid samples is the history
of water in the solar system known
The samples were taken out of the spacecraft's return assembly and placed in
a sterile glove box away from the elements.
An inert gas called nitrogen was poured into the sample container.
In part to recognize the global effort that went into the expedition and in part to
ensure that no single accident can destroy all of the samples, the samples are
currently spread across numerous institutions.
Numerous samples were also returned by the Apollo lunar missions.
Even though Apollo ended more than 50 years ago, scientists can still conduct
experiments on lunar materials because of their meticulous preservation.
Most of the Bennu sample remains undiscovered, noted OSIRIS-REx project
scientist Jason Dworkin.
For decades to come, researchers will be able to uncover new findings with the
same meticulous curation as the Apollo samples.
One of the co-authors, Danny Glavin, stated,
"The indications we are seeking for are so tiny and so readily destroyed
or altered from exposure to Earth's atmosphere." "Therefore,
without a sample-return trip, thorough contamination-control methods,
and careful curation and storage of this rare material from Bennu,
some of these new discoveries would not be possible."
Life on the left
Every significant scientific finding raises more questions than it does answers. The "handedness" of molecules is one of the main problems raised
by the Bennu samples.
Many compounds are chiral, which means that they can have either
a left-handed or right-handed mirrored shape.
Life as we know it has evolved to use and manufacture left-handed molecules
because it greatly prefers them.
Although scientists are unsure of the exact cause, they have hypothesized that
this predilection may have developed as a result of an excess of left-handed
molecules on early Earth.
However, the proportion of left-handed and right-handed molecules
in Bennu's samples was equal.
The question of why life favors lefties remains unanswered if Bennu is in fact
indicative of the asteroids that brought the elements necessary for life.
Source astronomy.com
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