The first modern bird was discovered in an Antarctic Cretaceous fossil.
The age-old question: Does a duck always look and quack like a duck?
is explored via new hints
By Ohio University
All known non-avian dinosaurs went extinct during the end of the Cretaceous Period,
roughly 66 million years ago, due to an asteroid collision close to Mexico's Yucatán
Peninsula.
However, surviving that catastrophic extinction event was like water off a duck's
back for the early ancestors of modern waterfowl.
Location is important because Antarctica might have been a haven, shielded from
the chaos occurring elsewhere in the world.
The earliest members of the group that today comprises ducks and geese may have
thrived in a moderate climate with abundant flora, as suggested by fossil evidence.
An significant new fossil of the oldest known contemporary bird—an early
relative of ducks and geese—that existed in Antarctica
at the same time Tyrannosaurus Rex dominated North America was described
in a report published today in the journal Nature.
A National Science Foundation (NSF) Postdoctoral Fellow at Ohio University's
Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dr. Christopher Torres, served as
the study's principal investigator.
The fossil, a nearly complete skull from a 69-million-year-old bird called Vegavis iaai,
was gathered by the Antarctic Peninsula Paleontology Project during
an expedition in 2011. Among all known birds previously found from the Mesozoic Era,
when non-avian dinosaurs and a strange group
of early birds ruled the world, the new skull has a long, pointed beak
and a brain form that is unusual.
Rather, these characteristics place Vegavis in the same group as all contemporary birds,
which is the first indication of a successful and now widespread evolutionary
radiation on Earth.
Lead author Dr. Torres, who is currently a professor at the University of the Pacific,
claims that few birds are more likely to cause debates among paleontologists than Vegavis.
Many of those debates will be settled by this new fossil.
The most important of these is: where in the bird tree of life is Vegavis located?
Dr. Julia Clarke of The University of Texas at Austin, one of the study's co-authors,
and a number of other researchers initially reported Vegavis 20 years ago.
It was suggested at the time that it was an early member of modern birds,
also called crown birds, that had evolved within ducks.
However, contemporary birds were extremely uncommon prior to
the end-Cretaceous extinction, and more recent research has raised questions
about Vegavis' evolutionary status.
A substantially entire skull, which has been absent from all prior fossils of this bird,
is present in the new specimen presented in this study.
This new skull helps dispel that suspicion by maintaining a number of characteristics
that are typical of contemporary birds, particularly waterfowl, such as the form
of the brain and the bones of the beak. In contrast to the majority of modern waterfowl, the skull retains remnants
of strong jaw muscles that are helpful for overcoming water resistance while
diving to catch fish.
Vegavis utilized its feet for underwater propulsion when pursuing fish and other prey,
which is different from how current waterfowl feed and more like how some other birds,
like grebes and loons, do. These skull traits are congruent with hints found elsewhere
in the bones.
The study's co-author, Dr. Patrick O'Connor, a professor at
Ohio University and the head of Earth and Space Sciences at
the Denver Museum of Nature & Science, adds, "This fossil highlights that
Antarctica has much to tell us about the earliest stages of modern bird evolution."
By today's bird standards, birds that were known from other parts of the world at
about the same time are hardly distinguishable.
Furthermore, as was the case with Vegavis up until this point, the majority of the
few locations that even preserve delicate bird fossils produce specimens that are so
lacking in detail as to only provide clues to their identity.
Additionally, Madagascar and Argentina, two of the rare locations with a significant
fossil record of Late Cretaceous birds, exhibit an aviary of strange, extinct species
that are only distantly related to present birds and have long, bony tails and teeth. In the remote regions of the Southern Hemisphere, particularly in Antarctica,
something quite unusual appears to have been taking place, Dr. O'Connor said.
Scientists from all over the world are actively investigating how the Antarctic
landmass influenced the formation of contemporary ecosystems in the distant past.
In fact, "Antarctica represents in many respects the final frontier for humanity's
understanding of life during the Age of Dinosaurs," according to Dr. Matthew Lamanna,
co-author of the study and a member of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History.
The NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship Program provided Dr. Torres with three years of
assistance at Ohio University to work on a study that combined ecology, brain anatomy,
and other life history variables to investigate the relationship between avian variety and
resilience to extinction.
He is currently in his first year at the University of the Pacific in Stockton, California,
as an assistant professor in the biological sciences department.
According to Ohio University President Lori Stewart Gonzalez, "this discovery
highlights the strength of scientific inquiry and the critical role our university plays
in furthering knowledge about Earth's ancient history." In addition to improving our knowledge of early bird evolution, this study emphasizes
the crucial work done by OHIO postdoctoral researchers and graduate students
leading these excursions.
We can only fully understand the dynamic changes our planet has experienced over
millions of years through these international expeditionary initiatives,
whether in the lab or the field.
This project is a shining example of experiential learning in the real world that links
STEM education with practical, game-changing research,
equipping the next generation of scientists to take on tomorrow's challenges."
Dr. O'Connor continued, "Students and postdoctoral researchers working on
large-scale initiatives like this one equip the scientists of tomorrow to collaborate,
progress knowledge, and confront the toughest challenges facing our world."
Source eurekalert.org
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