Brazil Discovers 113-Million-Year-Old Hell Ant Fossil
which existed exclusively during the Cretaceous period, has been identified
by paleontologists. It was found preserved as a rock imprint in the limestone
of the Crato Formation in northeastern Brazil.
Vulcanidris cratensis, holotype. Scale bar – 2 mm. Image credit: Lepeco et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.03.023.
The new ant species, Vulcanidris cratensis, lived in the Early Cretaceous epoch
Vulcanidris cratensis, holotype. Scale bar – 2 mm. Image credit: Lepeco et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.03.023.
The new ant species, Vulcanidris cratensis, lived in the Early Cretaceous epoch
113 million years ago.
The species is the most complete evidence for the early evolution of ants in
the fossil record and the oldest definite ant known to science.
According to author Dr. Anderson Lepeco, a paleontologist from the Museu de
Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, "Vulcanidris cratensis is the earliest
undisputable geological record of ants."
The fact that it is a member of the extinct "hell ant," which is well-known for
its strange predatory adaptations, makes this discovery very intriguing.
"This species already exhibited highly specialized anatomical traits, suggesting
unique hunting strategies, although belonging to an ancient lineage."
The oldest ants discovered so far were in France and Myanmar, and they were
preserved in amber rather than limestone.
Ants were already extensively distributed and diversified early in their evolution,
as evidenced by the existence of hell ants in Brazil.
"This was the first time we could see this in a rock fossil, even though hell ants
had been documented from amber," Dr. Lepeco stated.
As they methodically examined one of the greatest collections of fossil insects
from the Crato Formation—a deposit known for its remarkable fossil preservation—Dr. Lepeco and his colleagues found the unusually well-preserved ant species.
"We recognized this remarkable specimen's significance right away, not only as
a new species but also as maybe the conclusive proof of ants in the Crato
Formation," Dr. Lepeco stated.
"This discovery draws attention to Brazilian paleontology and the understudied
fossil insect fauna of the nation and emphasizes the significance of carefully
examining current collections, whether they are in museums or private collections."
The paleontologists discovered that Vulcanidris cratensis was closely related to hell
ants, which were previously exclusively known from specimens preserved in
Burmese amber from Myanmar, using micro-computed tomography imaging.
The discovery demonstrates that the ants must have frequently traversed Cretaceous
landmasses and been widely dispersed throughout the world.
The unique characteristics of the hell ant, however, shocked them the most.
"We were surprised by the features of its feeding equipment, even though
we expected to see hell ant features," Dr. Lepeco stated.
"This species had mandibles that went forward parallel to the head and facial
projection anterior to the eyes, in contrast to current ants with laterally moving
mandibles."
"Our preconceptions about how rapidly these insects gained intricate adaptations
are challenged by the discovery of such an anatomically specialized ant from
113 million years ago."
"The complex morphology indicates that even these early ants had developed highly
developed predatory techniques that differ greatly from those of their contemporary
equivalents."
"This new ant specimen's finding raises more general questions regarding
the evolutionary pressures that lead to the specific adaptations of the hell ant."
"It is now feasible to analyze such fossil specimens in considerably greater detail
than ever before thanks to sophisticated imaging capabilities."
Source sci.news
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