A bite mark is the best proof yet that Roman gladiators engaged in combat with lions.
from a huge cat—possibly an African lion—have been found for the first time.
By David Kindy
One of the more memorable pictures of ancient Rome's stadiums is
One of the more memorable pictures of ancient Rome's stadiums is
of gladiators engaged in combat with lions. However, there is almost no tangible proof that it ever happened, except
from representations in carvings and mosaics and a few references
in old writings. So far.
The bones of a presumed gladiator who died about 1,800 years ago have
for the first time been found to bear bite marks from a huge cat, most likely
an African lion. British experts recently reexamined the bones discovered 20 years ago
in a Roman-era graveyard in York, England,
to ascertain the reason behind the puncture wounds.
According to archaeologist John Pearce of King's College London,
who was part of the team that conducted the investigation and had
it published in the journal PLOS One, the person is "the only human
in the Roman world" to have bite marks from an apex predator like a lion. Additionally, it is the first tangible proof that large cats were transported
to this remote region of the Roman Empire for arena competitions.
High-resolution 3D scans of the bite marks were compared
to those left by contemporary big cats following a meal of meat on a bone. According to Pearce,
"[the bites] are obviously either a lion or a leopard after a process
of elimination."
According to Tim Thompson, the study team's lead forensic anthropologist
at Maynooth University in Ireland, the bite marks were made around the time
of death, thus this is not an instance of a lion gnawing on a long-dead
person's bones.
In an email, he states, "There is no trace of healing, which would indicate
[the bite happened before death]." "We would expect to notice a different color on the border of the
biting-induced fractures and the loss of the little fragments
of bone within the punctures if they were postmortem."
Whether the deceased was a gladiator or someone else who lost their life
in a Roman arena while battling a lion is less certain. However, analysts claim that it does paint a more complete picture of the
events leading up to these deadly spectacles.
A cemetery for gladiators?
Twenty years ago, the skeleton was found in Eboracum, which is now York. From AD 71 to AD 400, Eboracum was a significant Roman city and
fortification in the Roman province of Britannia. Researchers who studied the soil strata concluded that this person most
likely died and was buried in the middle to late third century A.D.
The study team believes that gladiators were buried at the cemetery,
despite the fact that no headstones or other signs were found there. The majority of the almost 70 remains found there bear evidence of
"violent interactions," which would have been common among gladiators. In England, it was also customary for people who suffered severe injuries
during gladiatorial combat to be decapitated.
"Decapitation appears to be a coup de grâce for the loser, as we discovered
with so many other skeletons in the cemetery," Pearce adds.
Nonetheless, the assertion has been questioned by other specialists.
"In a technical sense, gladiators engaged in combat with one another,"
explains Michael Carter, a professor of Latin and Greek and Roman history
at Brock University in Ontario. It might be a venatore, a beast fighter or hunter, or someone who specialized
in battling bears and big cats. It was probably a criminal who was sentenced to death in the arena.
Damnatio ad bestias, which translates to "condemnation to beasts,"
was a frequent punishment used in ancient Rome for criminals, Christians,
and others in arenas prior to gladiatorial contests. In her book The Roman Games, historian Alison Futrell of the University
of Arizona speculated that it might have also been employed as a kind
of ritual sacrifice.
Author and historian Barry Strauss, the Bryce and Edith M. Bowmar Professor
in Humanistic Studies at Cornell University, concurs that the remains were
probably those of a venatore. Eboracum would have been on the outskirts of the Roman empire, though,
as he pointed out in an email.
Godforsaken Eboracum did not always adhere to the same regulations as Rome. Therefore, the individual might have been a gladiator even though he was
most likely not. There is little doubt that being buried in the gladiator cemetery supports
that theory.
“Whatever the case, we can confidently say that a violent encounter
between human and big cat in York is only ever going to happen in
an arena,” Pearce says.
England's big cats
In the first place, how did an African lion—or any other large cat—get
to England? It is not as unrealistic as it might appear.
The Roman Empire's 6th Legion, which included a number of men from
North Africa, was based in Eboracum. Pearce points out that pottery from the Roman era found in York has
regionally specific design characteristics, indicating that African artisans
were present when the legion occupied Brittania.
He claims that the emperor occasionally appears. We are aware that Septimus Severus went there at this period. It is possible that a lion was transported to York for a significant event
or simply to amuse the soldiers.
However, lions were not inexpensive. A lion from North Africa could only cost 150,000 denarii, a popular Roman
silver coin, according to an edict issued by Emperor Diocletian in A.D. 301. According to an email from Dominic Rathbone, an ancient history professor
at King's College London, this amount is "somewhere in the £250-500K
($330,000 to $600,000) range as the modern comparable cost for a lion."
In a society that regarded such performances as a kind of entertainment,
the enormous cost was worthwhile.
In the end, archaeologists and historians researching the myths surrounding
gladiatorial contests and animal hunts at Roman Empire amphitheaters
would greatly benefit from the new discoveries. The Eboracum amphitheater is still buried beneath York, and researchers
believe this discovery will spur efforts to find it.
"It is very intriguing to me," Carter says. "It sort of confirms what we always understood, but finding one that we can
now discuss is really exciting."
Source nationalgeographic.com
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