How the earliest birds flew is revealed by feathered fossils.
attributed to its tertial feathers.
The Chicago Archaeopteryx under UV light, to show soft tissues alongside the skeleton. Photograph: Delaney Drummond
A well preserved Archaeopteryx fossil has provided new information about how the
The Chicago Archaeopteryx under UV light, to show soft tissues alongside the skeleton. Photograph: Delaney Drummond
A well preserved Archaeopteryx fossil has provided new information about how the
first birds flew 150 million years ago.
The fossil represents the first instance of an Archaeopteryx in which researchers have
discovered specialized wing feathers that would have enabled flying. Unlike the feathered flightless dinosaurs that coexisted with the first birds, these tertial
feathers on the upper arm bone form a smooth aerodynamic line from wing to body,
indicating that this was an essential evolutionary transition needed for lift-off.
"Archaeopteryx is not the first dinosaur to have feathers or the first dinosaur to have
'wings,'" stated Dr. Jingmai O'Connor, an associate curator of fossil reptiles at the
Field Museum in Chicago, who oversaw the investigation. However, we believe it to be the first dinosaur ever to fly using feathers.
Feathered dinosaurs that are closely related to birds but not exactly birds lack these
feathers. The feathers on their wings end at the elbow. This indicates that while Archaeopteryx was able to fly, these non-avian
dinosaurs were unable to do so.
An artist’s impression of Archaeopteryx in life, including the tertial feathers that would have helped it fly. Photograph: Michael Rothman
An artist’s impression of Archaeopteryx in life, including the tertial feathers that would have helped it fly. Photograph: Michael Rothman
When the first fossil of Archaeopteryx was discovered 160 years ago in a German
quarry, its obvious feathers instantly established it as the earliest known bird. In contrast to contemporary birds, the Archaeopteryx genus also possesses several
characteristics of dinosaurs, such as long, bony tails, hyperextensible second toes,
commonly referred to as the "killing claw," and jaws with sharp teeth. Before the Field Museum purchased the Chicago specimen in 2022, it was privately
owned.
The modifications necessary for Archaeopteryx to adopt flight have been a major
point of contention. Researchers have already noted that Archaeopteryx's feathers are asymmetrical,
with one side of the central shaft being wider than the other, in contrast to feathered
dinosaurs. This is crucial for producing thrust during flying and is also observed in contemporary
birds. Recent findings seem to point to a second important evolutionary adaption for flight.
O'Connor remarked, "Archaeopteryx possesses a particularly lengthy upper arm bone
compared to most existing birds." Additionally, if you are attempting to fly, a long upper arm bone may cause a space to
open up between your body and the wing's long primary and secondary feathers. You can not fly if air gets through that opening since it will interfere with the lift you
are producing.
Dr. John Nudds, a senior lecturer in palaeontology at the University of Manchester,
who was not involved in the study, stated, "It is significant that this is the first time
these feathers have been observed." "The asymmetrical feathers and the additional feathers found in this exquisitely
preserved specimen suggest it was able to fly."
The tiny, hollow bones and tissues of the fossil are nearly the same color as the
surrounding, very hard limestone. After defining the borders of the fossil using CT scanning and UV illumination,
the Field Museum team meticulously chipped away the rock over the course
of more than a year, revealing a more comprehensive image.
"Our specimen is the first Archaeopteryx that has been treated and kept so that its
lengthy tertial feathers are visible," O'Connor stated.
The study, which was published in Nature, also identifies bones in the roof of the
mouth that seem to be a precursor to cranial kinesis, a characteristic of contemporary
birds that allows the beak to move independently of the braincase. The idea that Archaeopteryx spent a significant amount of time walking on the ground
and may have even been able to climb trees is further supported by tiny, closely
spaced scales that have been preserved in the foot pads.
Source theguardian.com
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