Is it possible to bring Rapa Nui's extinct tree back to life?
Estefany Paté holds a bag of soil with a 10-cm sprout in her arms
like a baby in the Mataveri Otai nursery on the island of Rapa Nui.
She strokes its foliage.
Paté, who works for Chile's National Forest Corporation (CONAF), says,
"Having it here has been really emotional."
In reference to the megalithic statues scattered over the island, she states,
"It was here before us; it was here before the moai."
"It holds sentimental significance."
She is holding a sprout of Sophora toromiro, a tree that scientists have been
working to restore since it was declared extinct in the wild in the 1960s.
Only the isolated island of Rapa Nui, often called Easter Island, in the middle
of the Pacific was home to the species.
According to oral tradition, toromiro wood was utilized for religious objects
and the moai kavakava, which are tiny wooden statues that resemble the massive
stone faces that overlook the island's hills.
Archaeological records indicate that it gained popularity throughout time
for use as firewood, building materials, and cattle feed.
"The toromiro must have been one of the final plants left in the community
when they confronted botanical deprivation – they used it for many reasons,
" explains local archaeologist Sonia Haoa Cardinali.
Because of misuse and changes in the island's environmental circumstances,
it was in danger of being extinct in the wild by the 1960s.
Today, almost 90% of the island's vegetation is made up of invasive species
Since being transported to the national botanical garden in Viña del Mar in the 1950s,
seeds from the final specimen remaining on the Chilean island have sprung
into 98 trees for study and propagation.
However, up until now, every effort to return Toromiro to Rapa Nui
has been unsuccessful.
Maria Tuki, whose father, Manuel Tuki, participated in efforts to bring
the tree back to the island in the 1980s, says, "My father took care of the trees,
but they all died."
However, experts believe they have discovered a remedy.
Toromiro is a member of the pea plant family that forms symbiotic partnerships
with rhizobia, or soil bacteria, which enable them to "fix nitrogen"
from the atmosphere by transforming the gas into a form that plants can utilize.
Every species' root nodules are home to a corresponding microbial companion.
Reintroduction attempts may have failed since the toromiro's microbes
are also probably extinct on Rapa Nui, according to Macarena Gerding,
a legume agronomic at Concepción University.
When searching local soils for toromiro-specific rhizobia, her team found nothing.
They therefore searched for them in comparable species and discovered a match
in three Chilean and New Zealand strands.
In order to test them, they inoculated seedlings with the bacteria in the lab.
According to Gerding, "the difference is pretty evident."
Their research supports an expanding body of evidence that demonstrates the close,
interdependent ties that trees have with microbiota and that reintroducing tree species
can frequently fail in the absence of a suitable microbiome.
The researchers returned to Rapa Nui's nursery with 40 little seedlings in 2018,
and roughly 30 more plants annually in 2019 and 2021.
Over the course of the last six years, the team has also found additional bacteria
and fungi that aid in toromiro nutrient synthesis in spite of soil degradation,
root growth, and water tolerance.
Late last year, a shipment of potted plants containing these novel microbial
additions reached the nursery.
"I have no doubt that these organisms can have an impact," Gerding says.
"However, I believe we still need to take care of those plants for some time."
Paté works at Mataveri Otai, where 33 toromiro trees are in varying stages of growth,
caring for the plants until they are prepared to be released back into the wild.
Reviving this species has been a very ambitious undertaking, according to Paté.
"It is been really difficult; the climate was not this way before."
A tree must be able to generate its own seeds in order for the species to no longer
be considered extinct on the island.
Last year, a single plant from the 2021 batch flowered for the first time,
but it produced no seeds.
"I am eager for it to produce blossoms and maybe seeds once more," Paté explains.
After that, plants will be transported throughout the island from the nursery.
However, Jaime Espejo, the project's forest engineer, believes that locations
for the reforestation initiative must be carefully considered.
"I do not think it is possible out in the open field," he replies.
He intends to plant the saplings near the island's volcanic craters or on area with
palm trees because toromiro requires moisture and shade.
According to Espejo, not all members of the local community trust the project
because many have been wounded by its prior setbacks.
While some islanders think the island has undergone too much change for the plant
to flourish, others question whether the true spirit of the original toromiro
has been permanently lost.
To care for the toromiro in their backyards, however, his team hopes to rely
on local residents who support the idea.
The family of Sara Paté Roe hopes to plant the experimental seedlings
in her fields and is eager to care for them.
She states, "I hope to see the toromiro return to the island."
"It is among the most valuable timbers we have ever owned."
Source theguardian.com
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