The alleged skull of "Cleopatra's sister" is shown to be that of an 11-year-old boy, a "big surprise."
A state-of-the-art examination of a skull discovered
in Turkey in 1929 definitively establishes that it is not that of Cleopatra's
half-sister, Arsinoë IV.
By Khristina Killgrove
Researchers have discovered that a skull long thought to belong to Cleopatra's
half-sister, Arsinoë IV, really belonged to a teenage male with a genetic condition.
The skeleton was found in Turkey a century ago, but a new study using DNA
analysis and CT scans has conclusively shown that it was not Arsinoë.
At Ephesus, an archeological site in Turkey that had a huge temple to Artemis,
the ancient Greek goddess of the hunt, a skeleton was discovered in a marble
sarcophagus in 1929.
Archaeologists at the time came to the conclusion that the burial was made for
a significant young woman despite the absence of grave items and inscriptions.
They speculated that Arsinoë IV, who led the Siege of Alexandria
in 48–47 B.C. and took up arms against her half-sister and Julius Caesar,
would have been the tomb's tenant.
After losing that battle with her men, Arsinoë took refuge at Ephesus' Temple
of Artemis. At the age of 22, Marc Antony had Arsinoë put to death in 41 B.C.
Researchers reexamined the likelihood that the skull unearthed a century ago
was Cleopatra's half-sister in a paper published Friday
(Jan. 10) in the journal Scientific Reports. Based on their radiocarbon examination of the remains, they determined that
the person died between 205 and 36 B.C., which corresponded with Arsinoë's
death date as reported in history.
The skeleton's developmental stage, however, indicated that the individual
was just 11 to 14 years old, which is significantly younger than Arsinoë.
Gerhard Weber, a professor of evolutionary anthropology at the University
of Vienna and the study's principal author, said in a statement, "But then came
the major surprise."
"The presence of a Y chromosome, or a male, was evident in both the skull
and femur in many tests."
The skeleton was examined further by the researchers, who found malformations
that had not been observed before because the skull bones were thinner and more
brittle than anticipated.
The wiggly lines on a skull where the separate bones merge during life, known
as cranial sutures, were already closed, something that typically does not happen
until a person is over 65.
The boy's skull was asymmetrical as a result of this cranial suture closing too soon.
The individual's atypically shaped upper jaw and at least one tooth that showed
no signs of wear were more remarkable, the researchers observed in their study.
These two characteristics imply that the boy may have had a small, malformed
lower jaw in addition to a defective upper jaw.
The researchers hypothesized that a rare genetic condition known as Treacher
Collins syndrome (TCS) could be the cause of these jaw and skull characteristics. This disorder affects how the face and head develop, leading to hearing and
vision issues, a tiny jaw, and eyes that tilt downward.
The remaining DNA segments were not enough to demonstrate that the adolescent
kid had TCS, despite the team's efforts to detect it through genetic analysis.
However, the researchers noted in the paper that it is still unclear why this boy
with developmental abnormalities was interred in the imposing Octagon
at the Ephesus site.
According to the study's findings, "What we can now state with certainty
is that the person buried in the Octagon was not Arsinoë IV, and the search for her
bones should continue."
Source livescience.com
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