Two ancient human ancestors' "crossed paths" are revealed by fossil footprints.
Individuals of two distinct species in the evolutionary tree of humans trekked along
a muddy lakeside in northern Kenya approximately 1.5 million years ago.
Along with the footprints of antelopes, horses, warthogs, huge storks, and other animals,
members of two distinct species in the human evolutionary branch trekked across
a muddy lakeside in northern Kenya approximately 1.5 million years ago.
These tracks intersected.
These footprints evolved into fossils, which researchers have now found at a site known
as Koobi Fora. This is the first proof that Paranthropus boisei and Homo erectus lived in
the same area and crossed paths.
Interesting considerations concerning the two species' connection and potential
competition for resources are brought up by the discovery.
The more distantly related of the two, Paranthropus boisei,
lived between 2.3 and 1.2 million years ago and reached a maximum
height of 4 feet 6 inches (137 cm).
They possessed enormous molars and a cranial crest similar to that of male gorillas,
which were features of a head optimized for big chewing muscles.
The big toe was one of the ape-like features on their feet.
With bodily proportions similar to those of Homo sapiens, Homo erectus was an early
member of our evolutionary line. It lived between 1.89 million and 110,000 years ago,
and its height ranged from 4 feet 9 inches to 6 feet 1 inch (145-185 cm).
Despite being smaller than our species, they had larger brains and larger brow ridges
than Paranthropus boisei.
In 2021, the footprints were discovered by the researchers near Lake Turkana.
Based on their shape and mode of movement, they were able to identify a single, lengthy
trackway of twelve footprints, each measuring roughly 10.25 inches (26 cm) in length,
and they were all ascribed to an adult Paranthropus boisei individual.
Nearly perpendicular to the main trackway were three isolated footprints that resembled
those of modern humans and ranged in length from 8 to 9.25 inches (20.5-23.5 cm).
Two were complete enough to be identified as probably young Homo erectus.
It was more difficult to confidently designate the third.
The mud had never dried and cracked, and the trackways seemed to have been
abandoned within a few hours or days, according to the experts. It is also possible that
the people may have even seen one another. No indication of interaction was found.
"We are able to clearly see that moment in time, 1.5 million years ago, thanks to the
fossil footprints.
According to paleoanthropologist Louise Leakey, director of the Koobi Fora Research
Project and co-author of the study that was published Thursday in the journal Science,
"it is possible that the various human predecessors passed one another while wading
in the shallow water, perhaps hunting and gathering."
By reexamining trackways that had previously been found in the area, the scientists
were able to conclude that both species coexisted on fossilized muddy substrates
for around 200,000 years.
Paleoanthropologist and research lead author Kevin Hatala of Chatham University in
Pittsburgh stated, "It is plausible that they competed directly, but it is also possible that
they were not in direct competition and both had access to the resources that they
needed on this shared environment."
Competition may have been lessened by dietary disparities. "Paranthropus boisei ate
poor-quality fodder, which probably needed to be repeatedly chewed.
According to Leakey, Homo erectus was probably omnivorous, consuming meat and
butchering carcasses using tools.
In Africa, the evolutionary lineages of chimpanzees and humans split about 7 million
years ago. Hominins are species that belong to the human lineage.
In ways that bone remains or stone implements cannot, footprints reveal details about
anatomy, movement, behavior, and surroundings.
These two species walked in different ways and had differing foot anatomy.
Neil Roach, an evolutionary scientist at Harvard University and co-author of the study,
stated, "The tracks we attribute to Homo erectus have a very modern human-like
morphology with a tall arch of sediment in the middle of the track that implies a stiff foot
and a walking motion that includes pushing off of the toes."
"This lofty arch is absent from the Paranthropus tracks, which suggest a more
flat-footed gait.
The Paranthropus tracks also reveal a large toe that is somewhat more movable and
separated from the other toes.
Although they are obviously different and fall somewhere between chimpanzee and
human footprints, both of these features are more akin to how a chimpanzee walks,
according to Roach.
A few hundred thousand years after these footprints, Homo erectus thrived while
Paranthropus boisei vanished.
The earliest human species to leave Africa was Homo erectus, who may have been
a direct predecessor of modern humans.
The fossil site was a lakeshore close to a river's mouth that was rich in resources.
"Despite the presence of deadly animals like crocodiles and hippos, we constantly
detect two species of hominins in these landscapes, which shows that these
ecosystems were important enough to our ancestors to be worth the risk of visiting,"
Roach stated.
Source ndtv.com
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