Astonished by the Unexpected Evolutionary Turn in Frog Sex Genes, Scientists
By McMaster University
Unexpected genetic variety was revealed when McMaster University researchers
found eight distinct sex chromosomes in 11 species of African clawed frogs.
The study cast doubt on preconceived notions about the evolution
of sex-determining genes by discovering these chromosomes in areas of the
genome with substantial genetic recombination.
This study demonstrates how newly created genes can quickly evolve important
biological features like sexual differentiation.
Diversity of Genes in African Clawed Frogs
In the African clawed frog, one of the most studied amphibians worldwide,
researchers at McMaster University have found unexpected genetic variety in
the way sex is decided.
Scientists discovered eight different sex chromosomes in 11 different frog species
through genetic research.
Numerous of these chromosomes might include recently developed genes that
initiate the creation of either males or females.
This study represents a significant breakthrough in the field of genetic evolution
because, before to this investigation, scientists were only aware of the species'
three sex chromosomes.
Ben Evans, a professor in McMaster's Department of Biology and the lead author
of a recent study published in the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution,
says, "We have found extraordinary variation in these frogs, even among closely
related species, which allows us to explore how important things like sex
determination evolve rapidly."
Evans collaborated on the project alongside colleagues from South Africa,
the USA, France, and the Czech Republic.
Because of its close evolutionary kinship with humans and the fact that early
growth takes place outside, making it easy to watch and control basic processes,
the African clawed frog is employed as a model organism in biological study.
The frogs inhabit stagnant or slowly flowing water and are native to
sub-Saharan Africa.
They are distinguished by their flat bodies, underwater-sounding vocal organs,
and the claws on the first three toes of their rear feet, which they utilize to rip
food apart.
Unexpected Sites of Genes That Determine Sex
To their further surprise, the researchers in this investigation were able to
identify the precise positions of the recently discovered sex chromosomes.
According to prevailing thinking, sex-determining genes may normally
develop in areas of the genome where recombination—the exchange
of genetic material between each parent that results in new combinations
of features in their offspring—occurs infrequently.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Preference
They discovered, instead, that these recently evolved genes were nearly always
found in areas with high levels of genetic recombination. This raises questions
about how and why the genetic basis of crucial biological traits, like sexual
differentiation, may evolve so quickly, as well as how new genes and genetic
functions emerge.
"You would find that their sex chromosomes are all the same if you ran these
same studies within some much older groupings, like most mammals or
all birds," says Evans.
"However, this group of frogs exhibits amazing variation in stark contrast."
Historical Context and Ongoing Research
In 2015, Evans—who has studied the African clawed frog for over
two decades—led a team which discovered six new
species and added another back to the list of known species, providing
the foundational information for this current work.
Source scitechdaily.com
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