Salamander-Like Fossils from 230 Million Years Ago Show Startling Survival Strategies
The ability of Wyoming's ancient frogs to burrow in response to harsh climatic conditions
provides insights into modern amphibian survival tactics in the face of climate change.
In the region that is now Wyoming, the seasons were harsh 230 million years ago.
After the mega-monsoon finished,
the land would become severely dry after months of torrential rain.
Such severe circumstances would have provided a huge challenge to amphibians,
who need moist skin to survive.
However, as evidenced by their peculiar fossils, one group of organisms that resembled
salamanders evolved an amazing adaption to the drastic seasonal variations.
A new species of fossil amphibian preserved in torpedo-shaped burrows was
described by researchers in a study that was published in the journal Proceedings of
the Royal Society B.
These prehistoric amphibians most likely hid in these burrows throughout the dry
season before resurfacing when the rain arrived.
Cal So, the study's lead author and an incoming postdoctoral scientist at the Field
Museum in Chicago, says, "We can tell that Wyoming experienced some of the most
drastic seasonal effects of the mega-monsoon that affected the whole
supercontinent of Pangea based on how the rocks in the area formed and what they
are made of."
So, how did these animals manage to stay hydrated and avoid drying up throughout the
course of the months-long hot and dry season? The cool thing is this.
Inside these 12-inch-long, cylindrical structures—which we have deduced to
be burrows—we discover these fossils.
Early Investigation and Burrow Discovery
Working with Research Scientist David Lovelace of the University of Wisconsin
Geology Museum as an undergraduate, So, who recently received their PhD from
George Washington University, first came onto the odd fossil burrows.
In 2014, Lovelace was in Wyoming looking for fossils in a rock stratum he would later
refer to as the Serendipity Beds, which was overseen by the Bureau of Land Management.
"Ichnology—the hidden biodiversity that can be revealed through
animal tracks or traces of other living organisms—is one of my loves," Lovelace explains.
He saw a small cylindrical structure and several larger ones that appeared to be built
of rock and resembled "a Pringle can."
A small one stuck out, but Lovelace recognized the structures as in-filled burrows
created by an animal long ago. He remarks, "It was so cute, and it was small."
He gathered a number of the cylinders for his study.
Revealing the Secrets of Fossils and Their Consequences
When Lovelace returned to the lab and used a hammer to examine one of the preserved
burrows for fossils, he discovered a little, toothy skull.
According to Lovelace, "I initially believed it was a newborn crocodile because I noticed
sharp, pointy teeth."
"But we discovered it was some kind of amphibian when we prepared it and put
everything together."
A little skeleton was discovered within another of the fossil burrows after Lovelace
contacted Jason Pardo, a postdoctoral researcher at the Field Museum who focuses
on fossil amphibians. Pardo produced high-resolution CT images of the tunnels.
"We thought, 'Oh my god, we have something very great,'" Lovelace recalls.
We kept discovering similar burrows all over the place after I returned to piece together
the site's geological history. The site was so overloaded that we were unable to locate them.
He sent So, a student at the time, to gather more burrows on one of his return excursions.
In the end, the crew discovered over 80 fossil burrows, the majority of which had the ancient
amphibians' skulls and bones. The lifestyles of the animals were inferred from these bones.
Although no entire skeletons have been discovered, the fragmented bones suggest that they
were roughly a foot long.
The researchers believe they had a different method of excavating their burrows despite
having little, immature arms.
“Their skulls have kind of a scoop shape, so we think they used the head to scoop their
way underground at the bottom of a riverbed and go through a period of having a lower
metabolic rate so that they could survive the dry season.
That’s similar to what some modern-day salamanders and fish do,” says So.
Essentially, the ancient, aquatic amphibians spent the rainy part of the year swimming
in rivers, but when those rivers dried up, they delved head-first into the muddy riverbed.
They spent the dry season underground, in a state something similar to hibernation,
until the monsoon arrived a few months later, and the precipitation recharged the rivers.
The fossils discovered by So and Lovelace were simply unlucky because the rivers' routes
changed every year.
These creatures never came out of their burrows and perished there because the areas
where they buried themselves were no longer maintained moist.
Cross-cultural Cooperation and Calling the Finding
The researchers have a continuing working relationship with the Eastern Shoshone people,
whose ancestral territory the ancient amphibians inhabited.
"We visited with the Eastern Shoshone Tribal Historic Preservation Officer because we are
interested in education, and he put us in touch with the schools," Lovelace explains.
The intergenerational cooperation was excellent. We invited seniors, teachers, and
seventh-graders from Fort Washakie School to join us on the field.
The students had the opportunity to discover tunnels and bones, and the elders shared their
knowledge of the rock and their history on the site.
In collaboration with Elders, the middle school children, who are learning the Shoshone
language, came up with the Shoshone term for the fossil amphibian,
Ninumbeehan dookoodukah.
According to the researchers' report, "Han is the possessive suffix that indicates an
association with the Ninumbee, dookoo means 'flesh,' and dukah means 'eater.'"
Ninumbee is the term for the mountain-dwelling Little People
who have an important place in Shoshone culture (among others).
Ninumbeehan dookoodukah, which honors the Little People and alludes to the fossil's
sharp teeth, meaning "Little People's flesh eater" in its entirety.
Our goal is to honor the Eastern Shoshone people, their language, and their ancestral
homeland.
Amanda LeClair-Diaz, Office of Indian Education Coordinator and co-author of the paper,
says, "The partnership between our school district (Fremont County School District # 21)
and Dr. Lovelace and his team exemplifies reciprocity in action and the long-term,
transformative impacts that can occur through authentic relationship building between
researchers and communities."
"The intergenerational connection we as Shoshone people have to our homeland and the
beings that exist within this environment is solidified by the process of scientists,
community members, educators, middle school students, and Eastern Shoshone elders
coming together to learn about these fossils and choosing a Shoshone name for the fossil,
Ninumbeehan dookoodukah."
Scientists have a tantalizing hint about what life was like in Wyoming 230 million years ago
thanks to Ninumbeehan.
"We do not know why, but little amphibians are really scarce in the Triassic," Pardo explains.
"We discover some huge ones, but it is incredibly hard to find these little ones."
The recently identified amphibians may also provide some insight into how contemporary
amphibians may fare in the harsh climate-related weather.
"Climate change is a major factor in the significant threat to modern amphibian diversity,"
Pardo adds.
However, Ninumbeehan's ability to slow down its metabolism in order to withstand the dry
weather suggests that certain contemporary frog lineages with comparable seasonal
behavior may be able to survive longer than some models predict. There is a sliver of hope.
By Field Museum
Source scitechdaily.com
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