Researchers may have figured out the "mystery density" underlying Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.
By University Of Michigan
According to a recent study, polyphosphate is most likely a "mystery density"
seen in fibrils linked to neurological illnesses like Alzheimer's.
Although more research is required to validate polyphosphate's protective
benefits in the human brain, this discovery may help us better understand
the roles of fibrils in disease and possibly guide novel treatments.
A University of Michigan study team has discovered strong evidence
that could help unravel a basic enigma about the structure of fibrils implicated
in Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and other neurodegenerative illnesses.
Ursula Jakob, the study's principal author, stated, "We have seen that patients
have these fibril formations in their brains for a long time now."
What these fibrils do, however, is the question. What part do they play in illness?
And above all, if they are the cause of these terrible illnesses, is there anything
we can do to eradicate them?
The new discovery might be the final piece of the puzzle for scientists
attempting to comprehend the molecular mechanisms underlying these
illnesses, even though it does not directly address those problems.
And considering the dearth of Alzheimer's therapy options, it is obvious that
this deeper understanding is required, Jakob said.
Following a 17-year period without any new approvals despite
hundreds of clinical trials, the Food and therapeutic Administration has
approved three new medications for Alzheimer's disease since 2021
(even now, there are more than 100 therapeutic candidates being examined).
Jakob, a professor in the U-M Department of Molecular, Cellular,
and Developmental Biology, stated, "We must still be missing some crucial
pieces of this puzzle given all these failed clinical trials." Therefore, if we ever hope to treat, let alone eradicate, these horrible diseases,
the basic research that we and many others around the world are conducting
is absolutely essential.
The density of mystery
Researchers have long known that a variety of neurodegenerative illnesses
are linked to fibrils, which are microscopic tendrils made from minuscule
building components known as amyloid proteins.
However, significant issues remain regarding the accumulation of these
structures in the body and their impact on the development of various illnesses.
As researchers develop new instruments and techniques to examine
the fibrils in more detail, our knowledge of them keeps growing.
Cryogenic electron microscopy, or cryo-EM, is one of those innovations.
Jakob remarked, "This is a highly smart approach."
"With it, you can see the detailed appearance of these fibrils."
Using cryo-EM, a global team lead by Cambridge researchers found a mystery
lump inside fibrils retrieved from patients suffering from multiple system atrophy,
a neurodegenerative illness, in 2020.
Despite being able to describe the fibrils in detail, including the individual
amino acid units that make up the larger protein structure, there was still an
unidentified substance that ran the length of the fibrils.
Jakob stated, "They had no idea what that was, and it was right in the heart
of the fibril." They referred to it as a "mystery density."
Jakob and her associates have now demonstrated that the mystery density
may be a common biological polymer known as polyphosphate.
The PLOS Biology publication published the team's findings.
Ancient molecule, new science
According to Jakob, polyphosphate is a chemical that is present in all living
things today and has been utilized by organisms for countless generations of evolution.
According to Jakob and other scientists' laboratory investigations, it is also believed
to be connected to a number of neurodegenerative diseases.
Her group demonstrated, for instance, that polyphosphate stabilizes fibrils and
lessens their ability to harm lab-cultured neurons.
It has been demonstrated by other studies that as rats age, their brains contain
less polyphosphate.
These findings suggest that polyphosphate may play a role in shielding people
from neurodegenerative illnesses. However, scientists had no concrete proof that it was.
According to Jakob, "you can do a lot of stuff in test tubes."
"The question is which aspects of the human body are actually relevant."
But the environment of the human brain is extremely complex.
The role of polyphosphate in it has not yet been satisfactorily demonstrated
by an experiment designed by scientists.
However, previous studies did provide scientists with accurate, three-dimensional
structures of actual human fibrils.
Jakob and her team were able to conduct simulations that investigated the interaction
between polyphosphate and a fibril by building computer models of those structures.
They discovered that it was a perfect fit for the mystery density.
Subsequently, they modified the fibril's structure by altering the amino acids
that surrounded the mysterious density. Upon testing these fibril variations, they discovered that polyphosphate was no
longer linked to them and that it no longer shielded neurons from the toxicity
of the fibrils.
"We can not declare for sure that polyphosphate is actually the mysterious
density since we can not extract it from patient-derived fibrils—it is just not
technically possible," Jakob stated.
"We have extremely strong evidence that the mysterious density fits
polyphosphate," the statement reads.
Their research raises the possibility that figuring out how to keep
the brain's polyphosphate levels in check could help delay the onset
of neurodegenerative illness.
However, demonstrating that will still require significant time and financial
commitments, and there will probably be additional riddles to unravel along
the road, Jakob said.
We are still in the very early stages, in my opinion.
The existence of other components in these fibrils has only lately come to light,
she noted. These elements might be very important or they might not be at all.
However, we can only hope to be able to combat these really debilitating
diseases if we have all the components in place.
Source scitechdaily.com
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